The distribution of electrons into different shells, sub shells and orbitals of an atom is called its electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of any orbital can be represented as: nlx n is the number of principal shell, l = symbol of the sub shell or orbital, x= number of electrons present in the orbital 4p1 means that p- sub shell of the 4th main shell … [Read more...] about Electronic Configuration of Elements
Structure of Atom
Energy Level Diagram
Energies of orbitals of hydrogen and hydrogen like particles depend upon the value of principal quantum (n) number only , those of multi-electron atoms depend both upon principal quantum number( n ) as well as azimuthal quantum number(l). Diagram representing the arrangement of orbitals in order of their increasing energies are called energy level diagrams. Important … [Read more...] about Energy Level Diagram
Shapes of Atomic Orbital
An orbital is the region of space around the nucleus within which the probability of finding an electron of given energy is maximum. The probability at any point around the nucleus is calculated using schrodinger wave equation and is represented by the density of the points. Shape of s orbital For the coordinates( x, y, z) of the electron with respect to the nucleus … [Read more...] about Shapes of Atomic Orbital
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Wolfgang Pauli a German physicist in 1925 put forward a principle known after his name as Pauli exclusion principle. No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum number. In an atom ,any two electrons may have the same values for any of the three quantum numbers but the 4th must be different. Any particular orbital is described by three quantum … [Read more...] about Pauli Exclusion Principle
Quantum numbers
An atom contains a large number of orbitals. These are distinguished from each other on the basis of their shape ,size and orientation in space. These characteristics of an orbital are expressed in terms of three numbers, called principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum number. Quantum numbers may be defined as a set of 4 numbers with the help of which we can get complete … [Read more...] about Quantum numbers
Quantum mechanical model of an atom
Quantum mechanics, as developed by Erwin Schrodinger in 1926, is based on the wave motion associated with the particles. For the wave motion of the electron in the three dimensional space around the nucleus, he put forward an equation known as Schrondinger wave equation. where ψ is the amplitude of the wave where the coordinates of the electrons are( x,y,z) ,E is the … [Read more...] about Quantum mechanical model of an atom
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Werner Heisenberg, a German physicist, in 1927 gave a principle about the uncertainty in simultaneous measurement of position and momentum of small particles. Heisenberg's uncertainty Principle states that: It is impossible to measure simultaneously the position and momentum of a small particle with absolute accuracy or certainty.The product of the uncertainty in the … [Read more...] about Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Einstein in 1905 suggested that light has dual nature, i.e. wave nature as well as particle nature. Matter wave or a de Broglie wave Louis de Broglie, a French physicist, in 1924, suggested that all microscopic as well as macroscopic objects possesses dual character. The wave associated with the particle is called a matter wave or a de Broglie wave. The wavelength of the … [Read more...] about Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Hydrogen spectrum
Hydrogen Spectrum Atomic spectrum of hydrogen consists of a number of lines which have been grouped into 5 series :Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund. Any given sample of hydrogen gas gas contains a large number of molecules. When such a sample is heated to a high temperature or an electric discharge is passed, the hydrogen molecules splits into hydrogen … [Read more...] about Hydrogen spectrum
Bohr’s Model of an atom
Neils Bohr, a Danish physicist in 1913 proposed a new model of atom. This new model is called Bohr's Model of atom. Postulates of Bohr's model of an atom 1)An atom consists of a small, heavy positively charged nucleus in the centre and electrons revolve around it in circular orbit. 2)The electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a fixed value of energy. … [Read more...] about Bohr’s Model of an atom