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Class 6 – Science Notes

Chapter 1 : Food Where Does it Come From

  • Food
  • Plant Parts as Food
  • Animal Product as Food
  • Food Producers and Consumers

Chapter 2 : Components of Food

  • Components of Food
  • Balanced Diet
  • Deficiency Diseases

Chapter 3 : Fibre to Fabric

  • Fibres
  • Types of Fibres
  • Making of Fabric

Chapter 4 : Sorting Materials into Groups

  • Classification Of Objects
  • Materials
  • Classification Of Material

Chapter 5 : Separation of Substances

  • Threshing, Winnowing, Hand-Picking
  • Sieving , Magnetic Separation
  • Decantation, Loading, Filtration
  • Evaporation, Distillation
  • Saturated Solution

Chapter 6 : Changes Around Us

  • Reversible Changes
  • Irreversible Changes

Chapter 7 : Getting to Know Plants

  • Herbs, Shrubs and Trees
  • Root, Stem and Leaf
  • Flowers, Fruits and Seeds

Chapter 8 : Body Movements

  • Skeleton: Framework of Bones
  • Joints of Body
  • Muscle Contraction and Movement in Animals

Chapter 9 : The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

  • Living Things
  • Habitat

Chapter 10 : Motion and Measurement of Distances

  • Types of Motion
  • Distances

Chapter 11 : Light, Shadows and Reflections

  • Light and Shadows
  • Reflections

Chapter 12 : Electricity and Circuits

  • Electricity
  • Circuits
  • Conductors and Insulators

Chapter 13 : Fun With Magnets

  • Magnet
  • Properties of Magnet
  • Making of Magnet

Chapter 14 : Water

  • Uses and States of Water
  • Evaporation, Transpiration and Condensation
  • Water Cycle
  • Conservation of Water

Chapter 15 : Air Around Us

  • Composition of Air
  • Oxygen and Nitrogen
  • Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapours and Smoke
  • Availability of Oxygen to Plants and Animals

Chapter 16 : Garbage In Garbage Out

  • Garbage
  • Disposal of Garbage
  • Plastics

Class 7 – Science Notes

Chapter 1 : Nutrition in Plants

  • Photosynthesis
  • Modes of Nutrition in Plants
  • Replenishment of Nutrients in the Soil

Chapter 2 : Nutrition in Animals

  • Human Digestive System
  • Teeth and Tongue
  • Digestion in Grass Eating Animals

Chapter 3 : Fibre to Fabric

  • Wool
  • Silk

Chapter 4 : Heat

  • Temperature
  • Transfer of Heat

Chapter 5 : Acid, Bases and Salts

  • Indicators, Acids and Bases
  • Neutralisation And Salts

Chapter 6 : Physical and Chemical Changes

  • Physical Changes
  • Chemical Changes

Chapter 7 : Weather, Climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate

  • Weather
  • Climate
  • Adaptations

Chapter 8 : Winds, Storms and Cyclones

  • Air
  • Wind
  • Thunderstorm, Cyclones, Tornado

Chapter 9 : Soil

  • Soil Profile
  • Types of Soil
  • Soil Erosion

Chapter 10 : Respiration in Organisms

  • Types of Respiration
  • Breathing
  • Respiration in Humans
  • Respiration in Plants and Animals

Chapter 11 : Transport in Animals and Plants

  • Transport in Humans
  • Excretion in Animals
  • Transport in Plants

Chapter 12 : Reproduction in Plants

  • Asexual Reproduction In Plants
  • Budding, Fragmentation and Spore Formation
  • Sexual Reproduction in Plants
  • Pollination and Fertilisation
  • Dispersal Of Seeds And Fruits

Chapter 13 : Motion and Time

  • Motion
  • Graphical Representation of Motion
  • Time
  • Pendulum

Chapter 14 : Electric Current and its Effects

  • Electric Circuit
  • Heating Effect of Electric Current
  • Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current

Chapter 16 : Water: A Precious Resource

  • Water
  • Groundwater
  • Distribution of Water

Chapter 17 : Forests Our Lifeline

  • Components of Forest
  • Structure of Forest
  • Importance of Forest
  • Regeneration and Conservation of Forest

Chapter 18 : Wastewater Story

  • Sewage
  • Sewage Treatmenet Plant
  • Senitation and Sewage Disposal

Class 8 – Science Notes

Chapter 1 : Crop Production and Management

  • Crops
  • Types of Crops
  • Preparation of Soil
  • Sowing
  • Manures
  • Fertilisers
  • Crop Rotation
  • Irrigation
  • Methods of Irrigation
  • Weeding
  • Harvesting
  • Storage of Food Grains

Chapter 2 : Micro Organisms Friend and Foe

  • Micro-Organisms
  • Groups of Micro Organism
  • Where do Micro Organism Live
  • Useful Micro organism
  • Making of Curd and Bread
  • Commercial Use of Micro organism
  • Medicinal Use of Micro oragnaism
  • Increasing Soil Fertility
  • Cleaning the Environment
  • Harmful Micro Organism
  • Carriers of Disease causing micro organism
  • Disease Causing Micro organisms in Animals
  • Disease Causing Micro-Organism in Plants
  • Food poisoning
  • Preservation of Food
  • Preservation by sun-drying, Heating, Cooling
  • Preservation by Deep Freezing,Common Salt, Sugar
  • Preservation of food by mustard oil and Vinegar, Chemicals, Pasteurisation, Air-tight Packets
  • Nitrogen Fixation
  • Nitrogen Cycle

Chapter 3 : Synthetic fibres and Plastics

  • Synthetic Fibres
  • Types of synthetic fibres
  • Rayon
  • Nylon
  • Polyester
  • Poly Ethylene Terephthalate and Acrylic
  • Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres
  • Plastics
  • Types of plastics
  • Properties of plastics
  • Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable material
  • Harmful effects of Plastics
  • Steps to save environment from plastic waste

Chapter 4 : Material:Metals and Non-metals

  • Elements
  • Characteristics of Metals and Non Metals
  • Properties of Metals
  • Properties of Non-metals
  • Difference between metals and non-metals
  • Reaction of metal and non-metals with oxygen
  • Reaction of metals and non-metals with a water
  • Reaction of metals and non-metals with a acid
  • Reaction of metals and non-metals with a base
  • Displacement Reaction
  • Uses of Metals
  • Uses of Non-Metals

Chapter 5 : Coal and Petroleum

  • Natural Resources
  • Coal
  • Products of Coal
  • Petroleum
  • Refining of Petroleum
  • Natural Gas
  • Petrochemicals

Chapter 6 : Combustion and Flame

  • Combustion
  • Conditions necessary for Combustion
  • Lightning of matchstick
  • Types of combustion
  • Fire control
  • Fuels
  • Flame
  • Structure of flame
  • Burning of fuels leads to harmful products

Chapter 7 : Conservation of Plants and Animals

  • Biodiversity and ecosystem
  • Causes of deforestation
  • Conservation of forests and wildlife
  • Consequences of deforestation
  • Biosphere reserve
  • Flora and fauna
  • Wildlife Sanctuary
  • National Park
  • Extinct and Endangered Species
  • Red data book
  • Recycling and Reforestation

Chapter 8 : Cell structure and functions

  • Cell Structure and Functions
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria, cell wall, Chloroplasts , Vacuole
  • Cell membrane and Cytoplasm
  • Structure of Cell
  • Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
  • Variety in cell number
  • Variety in shape of cell
  • Variety in size of cell
  • Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Chapter 9 : Reproduction in animals

  • Reproduction in animals
  • Methods of Reproduction
  • Gametes
  • Fertilisation
  • Sexual Reproduction in humans
  • Development of embryo
  • In Vitro Fertilisation
  • Viviparous animals and Oviparous animals
  • Fertilisation in hen
  • Asexual Reproduction in animals
  • Metamorphosis
  • Cloning

Chapter 10 : Reaching the age of Adolescence

  • Adolescence
  • Puberty
  • Changes At Puberty:Height, Voice, Body shape
  • Changes at puberty:Pimple and acne, development of sex organs
  • Secondary sexual characteristics in humans
  • Hormones
  • Reproductive Phase
  • Adolescent Pregnancy
  • How is sex of a baby determined
  • Hormones
  • Reproductive health

Chapter 11 : Force and pressure

  • Force
  • Force is due to interaction
  • Force has magnitude as well as direction
  • Effects of Force
  • Contact force
  • Non-contact forces
  • Pressure
  • Pressure exerted by liquids
  • Pressure exerted by gases
  • Atmospheric pressure
  • Applications of atmospheric pressure

Chapter 12 : Friction

  • Static, sliding and rolling friction
  • Factors affecting friction
  • Cause of friction
  • Friction
  • Advantages of friction
  • Disadvantages of friction
  • Methods of increasing friction
  • Methods of reducing friction
  • Fluid friction

Chapter 13 : Sound

  • Noise pollution
  • Musical instruments
  • Noise and music
  • Audible and Inaudible sound
  • Characteristics of sound
  • Amplitude, time-period and frequency of vibration
  • Ears
  • Speed of sound
  • Sound needs a Medium for Propagation
  • Sound produced by humans
  • Sound is produced by vibrating object

Chapter 14 : Chemical effect of electric current

  • Liquids conduct electricity
  • Test for conduction of liquid
  • Detection of weak current flowing through liquid
  • Distilled, tap, sea and rain water
  • Chemical effect of electric current
  • Electroplating
  • Weak conductors of electricity
  • Purification of metal
  • Uses of electroplating

Chapter 15 : Some Natural Phenomena

  • Electric Charges
  • Lightning
  • Earthquake

Chapter 16 : Light

  • Reflection of Light
  • Formation of Image, Periscope, Kaleidoscope
  • Human Eye

Chapter 17 : Stars and the Solar System

  • Stars
  • Constellations
  • The Solar System
  • Satellites and Artificial Satellite
  • Asteroids, Comets and Meteoroids

Chapter 18 : Pollution of Air and Water

  • Air Pollution
  • Acid Rain and Green house Effects
  • Water Pollution

Class 9 – Science Notes

Chapter 1 : Matter in our surrounding

  • Matter
  • States of Matter
  • Sublimation
  • Characteristics of particle nature of matter
  • Change in state of matter
  • Diffusion
  • Evaporation
  • Evidences of particle in matter and their motion
  • Latent Heat
  • Water vapours in air

Chapter 2 : Is matter around us Pure

  • Is matter around us pure
  • Colloids
  • Solution
  • Suspension
  • Compound
  • Concentration
  • Mixtures
  • Separation of mixture
  • Elements
  • Physical and chemical change

Chapter 3 : Atoms and Molecules

  • Atoms and Molecules
  • Dalton’s Atomic Theory
  • Atoms and Elements
  • Ionic Compounds
  • Atomic Mass
  • Molecules
  • Ions
  • Molecular Mass
  • Valency of Ion
  • Gram Molecular Mass
  • Mole Concept

Chapter 4 : Structure of the Atom

  • J.J. Thomson model of an atom
  • Isobars
  • Isotopes
  • Structure of an atom
  • Arrangement of electrons in the atoms
  • Rutherford model of an atom
  • Bohr’s model of an atom
  • Discovery of Neutron
  • Discovery of electron
  • Discovery of Proton
  • Valency of ion

Chapter 5 : The Fundamental unit of Life

Chapter 5 : The Fundamental Units of Life

  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Cell organelles-plasma membrane
  • Plastids
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Fundamental units of life

Chapter 6 : Tissues

  • Tissue
  • Animal tissue
  • Meristematic tissue
  • Complex tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscular tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Permanent tissue
  • Vacuoles

Chapter 7 : Diversity in Living Organisms

  • Amphibia
  • Annelida
  • Arthropodia
  • Porifera
  • Reptila
  • Aves
  • Platyelminthes
  • Coelenterata
  • Protochordata
  • Mammalian
  • Vertebrata
  • Mollusca
  • Nematoda
  • Pisces
  • Plantae kingdom
  • Diversity in living organism
  • Echinodermat

Chapter 8 : Motion

  • Motion
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration
  • Equation of motion
  • Equation of motion by graphical method
  • Graphical representation of motion

Chapter 9 : Force and Laws of Motion

  • Conservation of momentum
  • Force
  • Newton’s first law of motion
  • Newton’s second law of motion
  • Newton’s third law of motion

Chapter 10 : Gravitation

  • Gravitation
  • Mass, weight, pressure, thrust
  • Pressure in liquid
  • Relative density

Chapter 11 : Work and Energy

  • Work
  • Energy
  • Forms of energy
  • Transformation of energy
  • Law of conservation of energy
  • Power

Chapter 12 : Sound

  • longitudinal waves
  • Transverse wave
  • Characteristics of waves
  • Speed of sound in different medium
  • Reflection of sound
  • Reverberation
  • Sonar
  • Human ear

Chapter 13 : Why do We Fall ill?

  • Infectious agent
  • Means of spread of Infectious disease
  • Types of diseases
  • Point of entry and symptoms of Disease
  • Significance of health
  • Principle of Prevention
  • Principle of treatment
  • Vaccination

Chapter 14 : Natural Resources

  • Atmosphere
  • Air
  • Water
  • Soil
  • Water cycle
  • Carbon Cycle
  • Nitrogen cycle
  • Green House Effect

Chapter 15 : Improvement in Food Resources

  • Crop Rotation
  • Nutrient management , Manures and Fertilisers
  • Irrigation, Mixed Cropping, Intercropping and Crop Rotation
  • Genetic Manipulation And Crop Improvement
  • Crop Protection Management

Class 10 – Science Notes

Chapter 1 : Chemical reaction and equation

  • Chemical equation
  • Chemical Reaction and Equation
  • Characteristics of Chemical reaction
  • Combination reaction
  • Decomposition reaction
  • Displacement Reaction
  • Double Displacement Reaction
  • Oxidation and Reduction reaction
  • Effects of oxidation Reaction in Everyday Life

Chapter 2 : Acids Bases and Salts

  • Acids and their properties
  • Importance of pH in everyday life
  • Strength of acid and base:pH Scale
  • Bases
  • Baking Soda
  • Washing Soda
  • Plaster of Paris
  • Bleaching Powder
  • Common in acids
  • Sodium Hydroxide
  • Common Salt
  • Indicators
  • Universal Indicator
  • Crystallisation

Chapter 3 : Metals and non metals

  • Metals
  • Reaction of metals with oxygen
  • Reaction of Metals with water
  • Reaction of metal with chlorine and hydrogen
  • Reaction of metals with dilute acids
  • Reaction of metal with salt solution
  • Uses of Metals
  • Non Metals
  • Chemical Properties of Non Metals
  • Uses of Non Metals
  • Ionic Bond
  • Covalent bond
  • Occurrence of Metals-concentration of ore
  • Conversion of ore into metal
  • Refining
  • Corrosion
  • Alloys

Chapter 4 : Carbon and its Compounds

  • Carbon
  • Covalent bonding
  • Examples of covalent molecules
  • Properties of covalent compounds

Chapter 5 : Periodic Classification of Elements

  • Earlier attempts to classify Elements
  • Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
  • Modern Periodic Table
  • Trends in Modern Periodic Table

Chapter 6 : Life Process

  • Life processes
  • Autotrophic nutrition
  • Heterotrophic Nutrition
  • Nutrition in animals
  • Respiration
  • Types of respiration
  • Respiration in Plants
  • Respiration system in humans
  • Transportation
  • Heart
  • Blood clotting and lymphatic system
  • Transportation in plants
  • Excretion

Chapter 7 : Control and Coordination

  • Control and coordination-nervous system
  • Central nervous system
  • Hormones in animals
  • Plant Hormone
  • Reflex Action
  • Plant movement

Chapter 8 : How do Organisms Reproduce

  • Budding
  • Spore Formation
  • Regeneration
  • Fragmentation
  • Vegetative Propagation
  • How do organism reproduce
  • Sexual Reproduction in flowering plants
  • Reproduction in human beings
  • Male Reproductive system
  • Female Reproductive System
  • Puberty
  • Birth Control Method

Chapter 9 : Heredity and Evolution

  • Mendel’s Contribution
  • Structure of DNA
  • Origin of Life
  • Evolution and Speciation
  • Evolution And Classification

Chapter 10 : Light-Reflection and Refraction

  • Light-Reflection
  • Types of spherical mirror
  • Images formed by concave mirror using ray diagram
  • Images formed by convex mirror using ray diagram
  • Mirror Formula
  • Refraction of light
  • Refraction through a glass slab
  • Lense
  • Refraction by spherical lenses
  • Images formed by Concave lens
  • Images formed by convex lens
  • Refractive index
  • Power and application of a lens

Chapter 11 : The Human Eye and the Colourful World

  • Human Eye
  • Defects of Vision and their Correction 
  • Glass Prism
  • Atmospheric Refraction
  • Scattering of Light

Chapter 12 : Electricity

  • Electricity
  • Electrical energy and power
  • Electric potential and potential difference
  • Ohm’s Law
  • Circuit Diagram
  • Resistance
  • Resistors are connected in parallel
  • Resistance are connected in series
  • Heating Effect of electric current

Chapter 13 : Magnetic effects of electric current

  • Magnetic field and Field lines
  • Magnetic field lines due to current carrying conductor
  • Magnetic Field due to a current through a straight conductor
  • Right hand Thumb Rule
  • Magnetic field due to a current through circular loop
  • Magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid
  • Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
  • Factors on which the force acting on current carrying conductor depends
  • Electric Motor

Chapter 14 : Sources of Energy

  • Fuels
  • Fossil Fuels
  • Natural Gas
  • Solar Energy
  • Hydraulic and Wind Energy
  • Biomass Energy
  • Energy from the Sea and Geothermal Energy
  • Nuclear Fission
  • Nuclear Fusion

Class 11 – Chemistry Notes

Chapter 1 : Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

  • Importance of chemistry
  • Classification of matter
  • Physical quantities
  • Significant figures
  • Laws of chemical combination
  • Dalton’s Atomic theory
  • Avogadro’s hypothesis
  • Atomic and Molecular mass
  • Dimensional analysis
  • Mole concept
  • Mole concept in solutions
  • Empirical and Molecular Formula
  • Balancing Of A Chemical Equation
  • Limiting Reagent

Chapter 2 : Structure of Atiom

  • Discovery Of Electron
  • Discovery Of Proton
  • Rutherford’s Model Of An Atom
  • Electromagnetic Wave Theory
  • Absorption and Emission Spectra
  • Bohr’s Model of an atom
  • Hydrogen Spectrum
  • Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
  • Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
  • Quantum mechanical model of an atom
  • Quantum Numbers
  • Pauli Exclusion Principle
  • Shapes of atomic orbital
  • Energy Level Diagram
  • Electronic Configuration Of Elements

Chapter 3 : Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

  • Historical Development Of Periodic Table
  • Mendeleev’s Periodic Law And Table
  • Modern Periodic Table
  • Electronic configuration Of Elements
  • Division of elements into s, p, d and f block
  • Prediction of period, group and block of a given element
  • Atomic Radius
  • Ionization Enthalpy
  • Electron Gain Enthalpy
  • Electronegativity
  • Periodic Trends In Chemical Properties

Chapter 4 : Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

  • Lewis Symbols
  • Ionic Bond
  • Covalent Bond
  • Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
  • Valence Bond Theory
  • Types Of Covalent Bond
  • Bond Characteristics
  • Polar and Non-Polar Covalent Bond
  • Dipole Moments
  • Hybridisation
  • Shapes Of Molecules
  • Fajan’s Rules
  • Coordinate Bond
  • Resonance
  • Hydrogen Bonding
  • Molecular Orbital Theory
  • Types Of Molecular Orbital Formed
  • Energy level diagram for Molecular orbitals

Chapter 5 : States of matter

  • Intermolecular forces
  • Characteristics Of Gases
  • Gas Laws
  • Kinetic Molecular Theory Of Gas
  • Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
  • Deduction of Gas Laws From kinetic Theory
  • Real Gases
  • Liquefaction Of Gases And Critical Temperature
  • Vapour Pressure
  • Surface Tension
  • Viscosity

Chapter 6 : Thermodynamics

  • Basic Terms And Concepts In Thermodynamics
  • Internal Energy
  • Enthalpy
  • Heat Capacity
  • Measurement Of Change In Internal Energy and Enthalpy
  • Exothermic And Endothermic Reaction
  • Thermochemical Equation
  • Enthalpies Of Reaction
  • Enthalpy Changes During Phase Transitions
  • Bond Enthalpy
  • Spontaneous And Non-spontaneous Process
  • Entropy
  • Gibbs Free Energy

Chapter 7 : Equilibrium

  • Equilibria in Physical Processes
  • Equilibria in Chemical processes
  • Law Of Mass Action
  • Law Of Chemical Equilibrium
  • Relationship between Kp and Kc
  • Characteristics Of Equilibrium Constant
  • Effect Of Temperature On Equilibrium Constant
  • Types Of Chemical Equilibria
  • Expression and Units Of Equilibrium Constant
  • Application Of Equilibrium Constant
  • Ionic Equilibrium
  • Concepts of Acids and Bases
  • Ionisation Of Weak Electrolytes
  • Dissociation or Ionization Of Acids And Bases
  • Strengths Of Acids And Bases
  • Dissociation Constant and Ionic Product of Water
  • pH
  • Salt Hydrolysis
  • Calculation Of Hydrolysis Constant, Degree of hydrolysis and pH of salt solution
  • Solubility Equilibrium and Solubility Product
  • Common Ion Effect
  • Buffer solution and Buffer Action
  • Calculation of pH of a Buffer Mixture
  • Acid- Base Titration using Indicator

Chapter 9 : Hydrogen

  • Position Of Hydrogen
  • Occurrence Of Hydrogen
  • Preparation Of Hydrogen
  • Hydrides
  • Water
  • Hard And Soft water
  • Heavy Water
  • Hydrogen Peroxide
  • Hydrogen Economy

Chapter 10 : The s-block elements

  • s-block elements
  • Physical properties of s-block elements
  • Chemical properties of s-block elements
  • Characteristics Of Compounds Of Alkali Metal
  • Anomalous Behaviour Of Lithium
  • Diagonal Relationship Of Lithium And Magnesium
  • Extraction Of Alkali Metals
  • Sodium Carbonate
  • Sodium Hydroxide
  • Baking Soda and Sodium Chloride
  • Physical Properties Of Alkaline Earth Metals
  • Reactivity And Electrode Potential Of Alkaline Earth Metals
  • Characteristics Of Compounds Of Alkaline Earth Metals
  • Anomalous Behaviour Of Beryllium
  • Diagonal Relationship Of Beryllium and Aluminium
  • Uses Of Alkaline Earth Metals
  • Calcium Oxide
  • Calcium Hydroxide
  • Calcium Carbonate
  • Plaster Of Paris
  • Cement

Chapter 11 : The p-block Elements

  • General Characteristics Of p-Block elements
  • Physical Properties Of Boron Family
  • Chemical Properties Of Boron Family
  • Anomalous Properties Of Boron
  • Borax
  • Boric Acid
  • Boron Hydrides
  • Uses of Boron and Aluminium
  • Physical Properties Of Carbon Family
  • Chemical Properties Of Carbon Family
  • Anomalous Behaviour Of Carbon
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Allotropes Of Carbon
  • Silicon Dioxide, Silica
  • Silicon Tetrachloride
  • Silicones

Chapter 12 : Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Priciples and Techniques

  • Tetracovalency Of Covalent Compounds
  • Shapes Of Simple Organic Compounds
  • Structural Representation Of Organic Compounds
  • Classification Of Organic Compounds
  • Functional Or Characteristic Group
  • Homologous Series
  • Nomenclature Of Different Classes Of Organic Compounds
  • Rules for IUPAC nomenclature of Branched chain alkanes
  • Rules For IUPAC Nomenclature Of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
  • Rules For IUPAC Nomenclature Of Compounds Containing Functional group, Multiple Bond And Substituents
  • Rules For IUPAC Nomenclature Of Polyfunctional Compounds
  • Rules For naming Alicyclic Compounds
  • Nomenclature of Simple aromatic compounds
  • Nomenclature For Di and Polyfunctional Aromatic compounds
  • Stereoisomerism
  • Electrophiles and Nucleophiles
  • Resonance or mesomerism
  • Hyperconjugation Effect
  • Carbocations
  • Carbanions
  • Free Radicals
  • Types of organic reactions
  • Purification Of Organic Compounds
  • Qualitative Analysis
  • Quanitative Analysis

Chapter 13 : Hydrocarbons

  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
  • Arenes

Class 12 – Chemistry Notes

Chapter 1 : Solutions

  • Expressing the Concentration of Solution
  • Solubility of Gases And Solids In Liquids
  • Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
  • Ideal and Non-Ideal Solution
  • Colligative Properties
  • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
  • Abnormal Molar Masses

Chapter 2 : Electro Chemistry

  • Classification of Electrolytes
  • Electrolytic Conduction
  • Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity
  • Electrochemical Cells
  • Electrode Potential and E.M.F. of a Galvanic Cell
  • Electrochemical Series
  • Nernst Equation
  • Electrolytic Cells
  • Products of Electrolysis
  • Batteries
  • Corrosion

Chapter 3 : Rate of a Chemical Reaction

  • Rate of a chemical Reaction
  • Factors influencing rates of a chemical reaction
  • Order of a reaction
  • Molecularity of a reaction
  • Integrated Rate Expression
  • Experimental Determination of order of a reaction
  • Half Life Period of A Reaction
  • Collision Theory
  • Arrhenius Equation And Activation Energy
  • Effect of Catalyst on Reaction Rate

Chapter 4 : Surface Chemistry

  • Adsorption
  • Types of Adsorption
  • Adsorption of Gases on Solids
  • Adsorption Isotherms and Isobars
  • Application of Adsorption
  • Catalysis and Classification of catalyst
  • Modern Adsorption Theory and Features of Solid Catalyst
  • Enzyme Catalysis
  • Mechanism of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst
  • Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysed Reaction and Zeolites
  • Colloidal State
  • Classification of Colloids
  • Coagulation and Protection of Colloidal Solution
  • Properties of Colloidal Solution
  • Methods of Preparation and Purification of Colloidal Solutions
  • Emulsions, Gels and Application of Colloids

Chapter 5 : General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

  • Modes of Occurrence of Elements and Metals
  • Crushing, Grinding and Concentration of the Ore
  • Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
  • Purification or refining of the Metal
  • Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Principle of Metallurgy
  • Extraction of Aluminium
  • Extraction of Iron
  • Extraction of Copper and Zinc
  • Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron

Chapter 6 : The p-block Elements

  • Characteristics and Physical Properties of Group 15 Elements
  • Chemical Properties of Group 15 Elements
  • Dinitrogen and Ammonia
  • Oxides of Nitrogen
  • Nitric Acid
  • Phosphorus and Phosphine
  • Halides and Oxides of Phosphorus
  • Oxoacids of Phosphorus
  • Physical Properties of Group 16 Elements
  • Chemical Properties of Group 16 Elements
  • Dioxygen
  • Ozone
  • Allotropes of Sulphur and Sulphur Dioxide
  • Sulphuric Acid
  • Physical Properties of Group 17 elements
  • Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements
  • Chlorine
  • Hydrogen Chloride
  • Oxoacids of Halogens and Interhalogen Compounds
  • Characteristics and Physical Properties of Group 18 Elements
  • Compounds of Xenon and uses of Noble Gases

Chapter 7 : Coordination Compounds

  • Coordination Compounds
  • Werner’s Coordination Theory
  • Terms used in Coordination compounds
  • IUPAC Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
  • Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
  • Valence Bond Theory For Bonding In Coordination Compounds
  • Crystal Field Theory
  • Stability of Coordination Compounds in Solution
  • Method of Preparation and Importance of Coordination Compounds
  • Metal Carbonyls
  • Organometallic Compounds

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