Class 8 – Science Notes |
Chapter 1 : Crop Production and Management
- Crops
- Types of Crops
- Preparation of Soil
- Sowing
- Manures
- Fertilisers
- Crop Rotation
- Irrigation
- Methods of Irrigation
- Weeding
- Harvesting
- Storage of Food Grains
Chapter 2 : Micro Organisms Friend and Foe
- Micro-Organisms
- Groups of Micro Organism
- Where do Micro Organism Live
- Useful Micro organism
- Making of Curd and Bread
- Commercial Use of Micro organism
- Medicinal Use of Micro oragnaism
- Increasing Soil Fertility
- Cleaning the Environment
- Harmful Micro Organism
- Carriers of Disease causing micro organism
- Disease Causing Micro organisms in Animals
- Disease Causing Micro-Organism in Plants
- Food poisoning
- Preservation of Food
- Preservation by sun-drying, Heating, Cooling
- Preservation by Deep Freezing,Common Salt, Sugar
- Preservation of food by mustard oil and Vinegar, Chemicals, Pasteurisation, Air-tight Packets
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Nitrogen Cycle
Chapter 3 : Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
- Synthetic Fibres
- Types of synthetic fibres
- Rayon
- Nylon
- Polyester
- Poly Ethylene Terephthalate and Acrylic
- Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres
- Plastics
- Types of plastics
- Properties of plastics
- Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable material
- Harmful effects of Plastics
- Steps to save environment from plastic waste
Chapter 4 : Material : Metals and Non-metals
- Elements
- Characteristics of Metals and Non Metals
- Properties of Metals
- Properties of Non-metals
- Difference between metals and non-metals
- Reaction of metal and non-metals with oxygen
- Reaction of metals and non-metals with a water
- Reaction of metals and non-metals with a acid
- Reaction of metals and non-metals with a base
- Displacement Reaction
- Uses of Metals
- Uses of Non-Metals
Chapter 5 : Coal and Petroleum
Chapter 6 : Combustion and Flame
- Combustion
- Conditions necessary for Combustion
- Lightning of matchstick
- Types of combustion
- Fire control
- Fuels
- Flame
- Structure of flame
- Burning of fuels leads to harmful products
Chapter 7 : Conservation of Plants and Animals
- Biodiversity and ecosystem
- Causes of deforestation
- Conservation of forests and wildlife
- Consequences of deforestation
- Biosphere reserve
- Flora and fauna
- Wildlife Sanctuary
- National Park
- Extinct and Endangered Species
- Red data book
- Recycling and Reforestation
Chapter 8 : Cell Structure and Functions
- Cell Structure and Functions
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria, cell wall, Chloroplasts , Vacuole
- Cell membrane and Cytoplasm
- Structure of Cell
- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
- Variety in cell number
- Variety in shape of cell
- Variety in size of cell
- Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Chapter 9 : Reproduction in Animals
- Reproduction in animals
- Methods of Reproduction
- Gametes
- Fertilisation
- Sexual Reproduction in humans
- Development of embryo
- In Vitro Fertilisation
- Viviparous animals and Oviparous animals
- Fertilisation in hen
- Asexual Reproduction in animals
- Metamorphosis
- Cloning
Chapter 10 : Reaching the age of Adolescence
- Adolescence
- Puberty
- Changes At Puberty:Height, Voice, Body shape
- Changes at puberty:Pimple and acne, development of sex organs
- Secondary sexual characteristics in humans
- Hormones
- Reproductive Phase
- Adolescent Pregnancy
- How is sex of a baby determined
- Hormones
- Reproductive health
Chapter 11 : Force and Pressure
- Force
- Force is due to interaction
- Force has magnitude as well as direction
- Effects of Force
- Contact force
- Non-contact forces
- Pressure
- Pressure exerted by liquids
- Pressure exerted by gases
- Atmospheric pressure
- Applications of atmospheric pressure
Chapter 12 : Friction
- Static, sliding and rolling friction
- Factors affecting friction
- Cause of friction
- Friction
- Advantages of friction
- Disadvantages of friction
- Methods of increasing friction
- Methods of reducing friction
- Fluid friction
Chapter 13 : Sound
- Noise pollution
- Musical instruments
- Noise and music
- Audible and Inaudible sound
- Characteristics of sound
- Amplitude, time-period and frequency of vibration
- Ears
- Speed of sound
- Sound needs a Medium for Propagation
- Sound produced by humans
- Sound is produced by vibrating object
Chapter 14 : Chemical Effect of Electric Current
- Liquids conduct electricity
- Test for conduction of liquid
- Detection of weak current flowing through liquid
- Distilled, tap, sea and rain water
- Chemical effect of electric current
- Electroplating
- Weak conductors of electricity
- Purification of metal
- Uses of electroplating
Chapter 15 : Some Natural Phenomena
Chapter 16 : Light
Chapter 17 : Stars and the Solar System
- Stars
- Constellations
- The Solar System
- Satellites and Artificial Satellite
- Asteroids, Comets and Meteoroids
Chapter 18 : Pollution of Air and Water
Class 8 – Social Science Notes |
History
- Chapter 1 How, When and Where
- Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory : The Company Establishes Power
- Chapter 3 Ruling The Countryside
- Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
- Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After
- Chapter 6 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
- Chapter 7 Civilising The “Native”, Educating the Nation
- Chapter 8 Women, Caste and Reform
- Chapter 9 The Making of the National Movements : 1870s-1947
- Chapter 10 India After Independence
Geography
- Chapter 1 Resources
- Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and wildlife Resources
- Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
- Chapter 4 Agriculture
- Chapter 5 Industries
- Chapter 6 Human Resources
Civics
- Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
- Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
- Chapter 3 Why do we need a Parliament
- Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
- Chapter 5 Judiciary
- Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice system
- Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation
- Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
- Chapter 9 Public Facilities