Contents
- 1 Alkynes or Acetylene
- 2 Isomerism in Alkynes
- 3 Classification of Alkynes
- 4 Methods of preparation of Alkynes
- 5 Physical properties of Alkynes
- 6 Reactivity of alkynes versus Alkenes
- 7 Chemical Reaction Of alkynes Acidic character of Alkynes
- 8 Reduction of Alkynes
- 9 Oxidation Reaction of Alkynes
- 10 Uses of Alkynes
Alkynes or Acetylene

Each carbon atom of ethyne is sp-hybridized and hence has two sp-hybridized orbitals. One sp-hybridized orbital of each carbon undergoes head on overlap with sp-hybridized orbital of another carbon to form a sp-sp, C-C, σ – bond.
The second sp-hybridized orbital of each carbon overlaps along the internuclear axis with 1s-orbital of each of the two hydrogen atoms forming two sp-s, C-H, σ-bonds. Each carbon is now left with two unhybridized p-orbitals (2px and 2py) which are perpendicular to each other.
The two 2px-orbitals, one on each carbon, are parallel to each other and hence overlap sideways to form a π bond.Similar overlap between 2py orbitals, one on each carbon, results in the formation of a second π bond.
Since a p-orbital has two lobes, the electron cloud of a π-bond has two halves. If the two halves of one π bond are considered to lie in the plane of the paper, then one of the two halves of the second π-bond would lie above the plane of the paper and the other below the plane of the paper.
The four halves of the electron clouds of two π-bonds do not stay as such but merge together to form a single electron cloud which has cylindrical symmetry about the internuclear axis. It is because of this cylindrical symmetry of the electron cloud between two carbon atoms that ethyne is a linear molecule with H-C-C bond angle of 180°.
Carbon carbon triple bond consists of one strong σ – bond and two weak π-bonds. Due to smaller size of sp-orbitals and sideways overlap of p-orbitals, the carbon-carbon bond length in ethyne is shorter than those of C = C and C -C .
Alkynes are less reactive than alkenes towards addition reactions. Alkynes unlike alkenes do not exhibit geometrical isomerism due to their linear structure.
Isomerism in Alkynes
Position isomerism
Chain isomerism
Alkynes having or five or more carbon atoms show isomerism due to different structures of the carbon chain.
CH3-CH2-CH2-C≡CH Pent-1-yne
3-Methylbut-1-yne
Functional isomerism
Alkynes are functional isomers of dienes i.e. compounds containing two double bonds.
CH3-CH2-C≡CH But-1-yne
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 But-1,3-dienes
CH2=C=CH-CH3 But-1,2-diene
Ring chain isomerism
Alkynes show ring chain isomerism with cycloalkenes.
CH3-C≡CH Propyne
Classification of Alkynes
Terminal alkynes
Non-Terminal alkynes
Methods of preparation of Alkynes
1.By the action of water on calcium carbide

2. By dehydrohalogenation of dihaloalkanes
3. By dehalogenation of terahalides
4. By dehalogenation of haloforms
5. Kolbe’s electrolytic reaction

6. Synthesis from carbon and hydrogen
7. Synthesis of higher alkynes from acetylene
Physical properties of Alkynes
Reactivity of alkynes versus Alkenes
Chemical Reaction Of alkynes
Acidic character of Alkynes
Electrophilic Addition Reactions
The electrophilic addition reactions of alkynes take place in two steps in two stages as shown below :


Reduction of Alkynes



Oxidation Reaction of Alkynes





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