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Chemistry

Arenes

Last Updated on May 3, 2020 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Monocyclic and polycyclic arenes

Hydrocarbons and their alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl derivatives which contain one or more benzene rings either fused or isolated in their molecules are called aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene ring is highly unsaturated and in most of the reactions of aromatic compounds, the unsaturation of benzene ring is retained. Aromatic hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring are called … [Read more...] about Arenes

Alkynes

Last Updated on May 3, 2020 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 3 Comments

Addition of water to alkynes

Alkynes or Acetylene Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes or acetylenes. Their general formula is CnH2n-2 where n=2,3,4....etc.   Structure of Triple bond  Ethyne is the first member of alkynes series. Each carbon atom of ethyne is sp-hybridized and hence has two sp-hybridized orbitals. One sp-hybridized orbital … [Read more...] about Alkynes

Alkenes

Last Updated on May 3, 2020 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 4 Comments

Orbital diagrams of ethene molecule

Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. They are also called olefins since the lower members of this class produce oily products on reaction with halogens such as chlorine and bromine. Structures of Double Bond The carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes consists of one strong carbon-carbon σ-bond with a bond dissociation … [Read more...] about Alkenes

Quantitative Analysis

Last Updated on March 20, 2019 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 2 Comments

Quantitative analysis Chapter 12 chemistry

Quantitative analysis means to determine the percentage of each element. Estimation of Carbon and Hydrogen Principle. A known mass of the organic compound is heated strongly with excess of dry copper oxide in a current of dry air or oxygen (free from carbon dioxide). Under these conditions, carbon present in the organic compound is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen is … [Read more...] about Quantitative Analysis

Alkanes

Last Updated on January 4, 2022 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 5 Comments

Mechanism of halogenation

Hydrocarbons are divided into two types: (1) Acyclic or open chain hydrocarbons (2) Cyclic or closed chain hydrocarbons Acyclic or open chain hydrocarbons These compounds contain open chains of carbon atom in their molecules. They are also called aliphatic hydrocarbons.These are further classified into following three categories : (1) Alkanes : An alkane has only … [Read more...] about Alkanes

Qualitative Analysis

Last Updated on March 20, 2019 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 3 Comments

Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen

Qualitative Analysis Qualitative analysis means to detect the various elements present in it. The elements which commonly occur in organic compounds are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen Principle: The presence of carbon and hydrogen, in an organic compound, is detected by heating the given compound with dry Copper(II) oxide or … [Read more...] about Qualitative Analysis

Purification Of Organic Compounds

Last Updated on March 20, 2019 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 10 Comments

Crystallisation

Here are some of the important methods which are commonly employed for the purification of organic compounds: Filtration The process of filtration is used to separate insoluble solid component of a mixture from the soluble components in a given solvent. It is used to separate a mixture of naphthalene and urea using water as solvent. Urea dissolves in water while … [Read more...] about Purification Of Organic Compounds

Types of organic reactions

Last Updated on October 19, 2020 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 5 Comments

base catalysed dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides

All the organic reactions can be classified into the following eight types: Substitution reactions Addition reactions Elimination reaction Rearrangement reactions Condensation reaction Isomerisation reaction Pericyclic reactions Polymerization reactions Substitution Reaction A substitution reaction is that which involves the direct replacement of … [Read more...] about Types of organic reactions

Free Radicals

Last Updated on March 20, 2019 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 2 Comments

Formation of chlorine radical

Free Radical A free radical may be defined as an atom or a group having an odd or unpaired electron.These are generally produced by homolytic cleavage of a covalent bond. Classification of Free Radicals Free radicals are also classified as primary (1°) , secondary (2°) and tertiary (3°) according as the carbon carrying the unpaired electron is primary, secondary and … [Read more...] about Free Radicals

Carbanions

Last Updated on March 20, 2019 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal 5 Comments

Formation of carbanion

Carbanions Chemical species bearing a negative charge on carbon and possessing eight electrons in its valence shell are called carbanions. These are produced by heterolytic cleavage of covalent bonds in which the shared pair of electrons remains with the carbon atom. Classification of Carbanion Carbanions are also classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°) and … [Read more...] about Carbanions

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