Quantitative analysis means to determine the percentage of each element. Estimation of Carbon and Hydrogen Principle. A known mass of the organic compound is heated strongly with excess of dry copper oxide in a current of dry air or oxygen (free from carbon dioxide). Under these conditions, carbon present in the organic compound is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen is … [Read more...] about Quantitative Analysis
Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative Analysis Qualitative analysis means to detect the various elements present in it. The elements which commonly occur in organic compounds are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen Principle: The presence of carbon and hydrogen, in an organic compound, is detected by heating the given compound with dry Copper(II) oxide or … [Read more...] about Qualitative Analysis
Purification Of Organic Compounds
Here are some of the important methods which are commonly employed for the purification of organic compounds: Filtration The process of filtration is used to separate insoluble solid component of a mixture from the soluble components in a given solvent. It is used to separate a mixture of naphthalene and urea using water as solvent. Urea dissolves in water while … [Read more...] about Purification Of Organic Compounds
Types of organic reactions
All the organic reactions can be classified into the following eight types: Substitution reactions Addition reactions Elimination reaction Rearrangement reactions Condensation reaction Isomerisation reaction Pericyclic reactions Polymerization reactions Substitution Reaction A substitution reaction is that which involves the direct replacement of … [Read more...] about Types of organic reactions
Free Radicals
Free Radical A free radical may be defined as an atom or a group having an odd or unpaired electron.These are generally produced by homolytic cleavage of a covalent bond. Classification of Free Radicals Free radicals are also classified as primary (1°) , secondary (2°) and tertiary (3°) according as the carbon carrying the unpaired electron is primary, secondary and … [Read more...] about Free Radicals
Carbanions
Carbanions Chemical species bearing a negative charge on carbon and possessing eight electrons in its valence shell are called carbanions. These are produced by heterolytic cleavage of covalent bonds in which the shared pair of electrons remains with the carbon atom. Classification of Carbanion Carbanions are also classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°) and … [Read more...] about Carbanions
Carbocations
Reactive Intermediates Most of the organic reactions occur through the involvement of certain chemical species.These are generally short lived and highly reactive and hence cannot be isolated.These short lived highly reactive chemical species through which the majority of the organic reactions occur are called reactive intermediates. Example: Carbocation, carboanion, free … [Read more...] about Carbocations
Hyperconjugation Effect
The inductive effect of the alkyl group on a saturated carbon chain follows the order: (CH3)3C > (CH3)2CH- > CH3CH2-> CH3- When an alkyl group is attached to an unsaturated system such as double bond or a benzene ring, the order of inductive effect is actually reversed.This effect is called hyperconjugation effect or Baker-Nathan effect. Resonance effect … [Read more...] about Hyperconjugation Effect
Resonance or mesomerism
The phenomenon of resonance is said to occur whenever for a molecule we can write two or more Lewis structure which differ in the position of electrons but not in the relative position of atoms. The various Lewis structure, none of which is capable of describing all the known properties of the compound are called canonical or resonance structures. The actual structure of … [Read more...] about Resonance or mesomerism
Inductive and Electromeric Effect
Fission of a covalent bond Homolytic fission If a covalent bonds breaks in such a way that each atom takes away one electron of the shared pair, it is called homolytic or symmetrical fission. Homolytic fission is usually indicated by a fish arrow which denotes a one electron displacement. For Ex: The neutral chemical species which contain an odd or unpaired … [Read more...] about Inductive and Electromeric Effect