Class 8

New Terms Company : This refers to a form of business established by people or the government. Private company : A company established and run by persons or group of persons. For example, Tata Steel. Basic needs : This refers to the primary requirements such as water, food, clothing, sanitation, education and healthcare. Universal access : This is achieved when … [Read more...] about Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities – Notes & Study Material

Important Terms Assertive: A person or a group which expresses views in a strong way. Confront : To come face to face or challenge someone or something. For example, Marginalised groups protested against their exclusion by dominated society. Dalit: The term Dalit which means broken, is used deliberately and actively by groups to highlight centuries of discrimination … [Read more...] about Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation – Notes & Study Material

Important Terms Adivasi: This refers to original inhabitants. They are communities who lived, and often continue to live in close association with forests. Displaced:  In context of this chapter, this refers to persons who are forced to move from their homes for big developmental projects such as construction of dams, mining, etc. Ghettoisation: Ghettoisation is the … [Read more...] about Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation – Notes & Study Material

Important Terms Accused: A person who is tried in court for a crime. Bail: Bail is money or property, an accused puts forth as security to make sure he/she will appear in the court for trial. Cross-examine: In context of this chapter, this refers to the questioning of a witness who has already been examined by the opposing side in order to determine the veracity of … [Read more...] about Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice system – Notes & Study Material

New Terms Acquit: This refers to the court declaring that an individual is not guilty for the crime which he was tried for by the court. Eviction: In context of this chapter, it refers to the removal of individuals from homes/land which they are currently living in. Judicial system: This is the mechanism of courts which a citizen may approach when a law is … [Read more...] about Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary – Notes & Study Material